Chapter 1
　　什么樣的文章才算好文章
　　Part 1寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)
　　隨著課程改革的逐步深入，廣大英語(yǔ)教師和學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的有效性，英語(yǔ)的實(shí)用性越來(lái)越關(guān)注。一直以來(lái)，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的目的就在于英語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用，而英語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用體現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四個(gè)方面。其中“寫(xiě)”又是較高層次的要求，它著重于學(xué)生的書(shū)面語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。然而，目前初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)對(duì)書(shū)面表達(dá)的要求相對(duì)滯后，學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作水平提高甚微，學(xué)生很難正確地用英語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)自己的想法，因而慢慢地就形成了“聽(tīng)到寫(xiě)作學(xué)生心煩，見(jiàn)到習(xí)作教師不悅”的現(xiàn)象。究其原因是多方面的。一方面，學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)因?yàn)閷?duì)英語(yǔ)句型不熟悉而出現(xiàn)易受漢語(yǔ)思維定式影響的錯(cuò)誤，或由于詞匯貧乏、單詞搭配不當(dāng)和語(yǔ)法不通而造成的錯(cuò)誤，以及在表達(dá)時(shí)欠缺邏輯條理性、審題不清、選材隨意而造成的內(nèi)容空洞貧乏，不知所云等錯(cuò)誤。另一方面，教師對(duì)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)重視不夠，同時(shí)缺乏科學(xué)和系統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法，從而使學(xué)生因?yàn)闆](méi)有有效的指導(dǎo)而在寫(xiě)作中出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題。
　　此外，英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題一直是最困擾學(xué)生的一大難題。其原因是學(xué)生不了解英語(yǔ)單句正確的表達(dá)方式。具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面： 主謂不一致、時(shí)態(tài)不一致、詞類(lèi)使用不當(dāng)、拼寫(xiě)大小寫(xiě)及標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用錯(cuò)誤等。
　　我們應(yīng)該了解到，每篇作文都有相應(yīng)的情景和要求，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)寫(xiě)出全部的情景和所要求的內(nèi)容，情景的遺漏將直接導(dǎo)致內(nèi)容的不完整。同時(shí)我們應(yīng)該注意到，一句中文句子通過(guò)不同單詞和句型的運(yùn)用可以有很多種不同的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。如果遇到幾種表達(dá)法時(shí)我們最好選用自己最有把握的表達(dá)方式，只有在充分把握的情況下才宜運(yùn)用復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。
　　Part 2范文點(diǎn)評(píng)
　　要寫(xiě)出一篇優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)作文，首先要明白怎樣的作文才是優(yōu)秀作文， 通常而言，一篇優(yōu)秀作文應(yīng)達(dá)到以下幾個(gè)方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
　　內(nèi)容： 內(nèi)容切題、充實(shí)，不寫(xiě)廢話；意思連貫，表達(dá)清楚、準(zhǔn)確、完整。
　　語(yǔ)言： 語(yǔ)言正確，用語(yǔ)規(guī)范地道，無(wú)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。
　　結(jié)構(gòu)： 詞匯和句型句式運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)自如，文中有值得借鑒的好詞好句。
　　而對(duì)于學(xué)生而言，在日常的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中如果遇到命題作文，可以按以下幾個(gè)步驟著手來(lái)寫(xiě)：
　　* 審題： 要認(rèn)真看清題目的內(nèi)容和要求，明白自己要表述的中心內(nèi)容，最快的方法是在題目中找到關(guān)鍵詞。
　　* 定位： 根據(jù)自己已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和詞匯量，選擇自己最熟悉、最有把握的方面入手，最好先在腦海中羅列出文章的主要結(jié)構(gòu)。
　　* 行文： 在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中要緊緊圍繞中心內(nèi)容，務(wù)必做到結(jié)構(gòu)完整，要點(diǎn)齊全，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，行文連貫流暢。
　　* 潤(rùn)色： 任何一篇優(yōu)秀作文都少不了這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，潤(rùn)色是在基本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容確立之后，進(jìn)行一個(gè)內(nèi)部裝飾，看看能不能在正確的位置加入從句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、諺語(yǔ)或者名人名言等，使文章錦上添花。
　　* 復(fù)查： 在通篇完成之后，這個(gè)步驟是不可或缺的，一定要仔細(xì)檢查，注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、字母的大小寫(xiě)和單詞拼寫(xiě)的準(zhǔn)確性。最為重要的是多讀一遍，看看文章的表達(dá)是否符合native speaker的習(xí)慣。
　　讓我們通過(guò)對(duì)以下30篇范文的分析講解，來(lái)體會(huì)怎樣的文章才是好作文。這里要感謝上寶中學(xué)2016屆戚新源同學(xué)，她為本書(shū)提供了不少精彩的習(xí)作。
　　范文1
　　My Winter Holiday
　　As the saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Students are always looking forward to having a winter holiday. I’m usually fond of doing something relaxing in my holiday, such as doing the puzzles, or reading the books which I have no time to read during weekdays. The thing I hate to do is to sleep because in my opinion, having too much sleep equals wasting time. These days, I’m planning to have a trip in the coming winter holiday. It’s so exciting to go out that I can’t fall asleep at night now.
　　分析：
　　本文內(nèi)容完整，通篇緊扣主題my winter holiday,同時(shí)內(nèi)容上沒(méi)有重復(fù)，每句都帶有不同的信息。該學(xué)生同時(shí)從正反兩方面進(jìn)行論述，較為新穎。
　　從語(yǔ)法角度分析，該篇文章中運(yùn)用了不同的句型，包括有定語(yǔ)從句reading the books which I have no time to read during weekdays， the thing I hate to do；原因狀語(yǔ)從句The thing I hate to do is to sleep because in my opinion, having too much sleep equals wasting time等。該學(xué)生對(duì)于非謂語(yǔ)的掌握和運(yùn)用也非常到位，比如： The thing I hate to do is to sleep. Students are always looking forward to having a winter holiday.也能注意主謂一致。同時(shí)該學(xué)生也在文章中
　　運(yùn)用不同的單詞，短語(yǔ)及句型如： be looking forward to doing, such as, be fond of, have no time to do, plan to do, in the coming winter holiday， fall asleep，等等。此外文章的過(guò)渡詞如果除了in my opinion外再能豐富一些的話，那么文章的銜接將更自然，層次感就會(huì)更加明顯。諺語(yǔ)“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”也用得非常得體�？偠�言之，這是一篇Ａ類(lèi)范文。
　　范文2
　　I Want to Do Something for the Poor Children
　　As we all know, everyone has his own things he would like to do, and I want to do something for the poor children because their life is far poorer than we thought. The most important thing is that they quit school as they don’t have money. They must do housework instead of reading books, and they even don’t have meat to eat. So I’m going to give some of my books to the children who are not able to go to school.
　　It’s not a very big thing to me, but it’s really very important to them. As the proverb goes, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.”
　　分析：
　　本文內(nèi)容緊扣主題I want to do something for the poor children, 文章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，意思表達(dá)明確，條理清晰，層次分明，逐步遞進(jìn)。同時(shí)文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)，幾乎沒(méi)有重復(fù)。
　　從語(yǔ)法角度分析，該篇文章中從句的運(yùn)用非常廣泛。有定語(yǔ)從句everyone has his own things he would like to do，the children who are not able to go to school。同時(shí)也有as, because 引導(dǎo)的兩句原因狀語(yǔ)從句以及表語(yǔ)從句the most important thing is that they quit school等。除了句式有變化之外，該學(xué)生在文章中還運(yùn)用了大量的詞組，開(kāi)頭過(guò)渡結(jié)尾自然。諺語(yǔ)“It is more blessed to give than to receive.”起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。這也是一篇A類(lèi)文章。
　　范文3
　　Don’t Waste Time
　　As the proverb goes, “Time and tide waits for no man.” Time is quite valuable. If we waste it, it will never come back. Not long ago， thousands of people were badly injured in an earthquake. Doctors didn’t waste a minute saving people’s lives. Though they were busy, they knew that nothing is more important than time. At school， we can’t waste time, either. We must be responsible for our school work and we should make full use of our time. Anyway, time is limited. We shouldn’t waste time.
　　分析：
　　文章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山點(diǎn)題說(shuō)明時(shí)間的重要性和珍貴。諺語(yǔ)“Time and tide waits for no man.”用得非常恰當(dāng)。然后通過(guò)舉例說(shuō)明，例子貼近學(xué)生生活，結(jié)合時(shí)事是一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。同時(shí)文章過(guò)渡自然，內(nèi)容豐富，少見(jiàn)重復(fù)。
　　從語(yǔ)法角度分析，該文章運(yùn)用了if條件狀語(yǔ)從句，though讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等，句式有變化。在單詞詞組的運(yùn)用上使用了很多短語(yǔ)，如： be responsible for, save people’s lives, come back, not long ago, be badly injured，等等。結(jié)尾和開(kāi)頭也略有不同，變化自然有新意。這也可以算是一篇A類(lèi)文章。
　　范文4
　　Keep the Balance of Nature
　　It’s known to all that nature is essential to our life. But the problem is that we are breaking the balance of nature now! There are massive mountains of rubbish almost everywhere. We are using harmful products that cause the greenhouse effect. What should we do to stop pollution? We should stop using things that are harmful to our environment. We shouldn’t throw rubbish anywhere. And we should save water at any time. All in all, we should try our best to keep the balance of nature.
　　分析：
　　文章寫(xiě)作手法非常老練，句式運(yùn)用靈活，內(nèi)容緊扣主題，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層遞進(jìn)，圍繞keep the balance of nature給出了很多有意義的建議，不同于僅只喊口號(hào)而無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的空洞文章。結(jié)尾部分的總結(jié)句既精煉又點(diǎn)題，行文流暢。
　　從語(yǔ)法角度分析，各種從句的使用遍布全文，有表語(yǔ)從句the problem is that we are breaking the balance of nature now，定語(yǔ)從句products that cause the greenhouse effect， stop using things that are harmful to our environment。靈活運(yùn)用詞組于整篇文章，恰當(dāng)合理，增加了文章的色彩。這是一篇不容置疑的A類(lèi)文章。
　　范文5
　　When I First Had My Success
　　When I was ten years old, I won a prize at a math contest. It was my first success. Before the contest, my teacher told me to get ready for the contest, so I did a lot of exercises. I often asked my teacher questions, and she always helped me patiently. Luckily, I won the first prize. I felt very excited and happy. My teacher praised me. She said that I could win the prize because of my hard work. So I learn that if you want to be successful, you must be hardworking. As the proverb goes, “Practice makes perfect.”
　　分析：
　　文章主要敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的一件事情，意思連貫，表達(dá)完整清楚。在文章的末尾該學(xué)生還談到了自己通過(guò)這個(gè)生活中的小插曲得到的感悟，讓文章在末尾處有一個(gè)比較大的亮點(diǎn)。諺語(yǔ)“Practice makes perfect.”用得也很得體。
　　從語(yǔ)法角度分析，該學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用了過(guò)去時(shí)，各種短語(yǔ)的使用使文章不顯單調(diào)乏味。同時(shí)，該學(xué)生對(duì)從句的把握和使用也比較好，通篇幾乎不見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，是一篇不錯(cuò)的A類(lèi)文章。
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