CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER OUTLINE 1
A LOOK AHEAD 1
1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century 1
1.2 The Study of Chemistry 1
1.3 SI Units 2
1.4 Significant Figures 3
1.5 Concentration Units of Solution 5
CHEMISTRY in Action 8
Questions & Problems 9
Chapter 2 Colligative Properties of Solutions 10
CHAPTER OUTLINE 10
A LOOK AHEAD 10
2.1 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 10
2.2 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 17
CHEMISTRY in Action 18
Questions & Problems 20
Chapter 3 Acids and Bases 24
CHAPTER OUTLINE 24
A LOOK AHEAD 24
3.1 Br？nsted Acids and Bases 24
3.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 25
3.3 pH-A Measure of Acidity 26
3.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 28
3.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 30
3.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 33
3.7 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 35
3.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 37
3.9 Lewis Acids and Bases 40
CHEMISTRY in Action 41
Questions & Problems 43
Chapter 4 Buffer Solution and Solubility Equilibria 47
CHAPTER OUTLINE 47
A LOOK AHEAD 47
4.1 The Common Ion Effect 47
4.2 Definition and Comition of Buffer Solution 47
4.3 The Calculations of the pH of Buffer Solutions 48
4.4 Preparing of Buffer Solution with a Specific pH 49
4.5 Solubility Equilibria 50
4.6 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation 54
4.7 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 55
4.8 pH and Solubility 55
CHEMISTRY in Action 57
Questions & Problems 59
Chapter 5 Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry 61
CHAPTER OUTLINE 61
A LOOK AHEAD 61
5.1 Basic Definition 61
5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 63
5.3 Enthalpy of Chemical Reaction 65
5.4 Standard Enthalpy Changes of Reaction 67
5.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 70
5.6 Gibbs Free Energy 75
5.7 Thermodynamics in Living System 77
CHEMISTRY in Action 79
Questions and Problems 81
Appendix Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25℃ 83
Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 87
CHAPTER OUTLINE 87
A LOOK AHEAD 87
6.1 The Rate of a Reaction 87
6.2 The Rate Law 88
6.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time 91
6.4 Reaction Rate Theory 95
6.5 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants—The Arrhenius Equation 97
6.6 Catalysis 99
CHEMISTRY in Action 101
Questions & Problems 103
Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium 107
CHAPTER OUTLINE 107
A LOOK AHEAD 107
7.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 107
7.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 109
7.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium 115
7.4 Applications of Equilibrium Constant 115
7.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 119
CHEMISTRY in Action 123
Questions & Problems 125
Chapter 8 Electrochemistry 129
CHAPTER OUTLINE 129
A LOOK AHEAD 129
8.1 Odation-Reduction Reactions 129
8.2 Galvanic Cells 134
8.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 136
8.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions 139
8.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 141
CHEMISTRY in Action 143
Questions & Problems 146
Chapter 9 Structure of Atoms and Periodic Relationships Among the Elements 149
CHAPTER OUTLINE 149
A LOOK AHEAD 149
9.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 149
9.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 152
9.3 Dual Nature of the Electron 154
9.4 Quantum Mechanics 155
9.5 Quantum Number 157
9.6 Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies 159
9.7 Electron Configuration 162
9.8 The Periodic Table and Classification of the Elements 168
9.9 Periodic Variation in Element Properties 170
CHEMISTRY in Action 180
Questions & Problems 183
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces 187
CHAPTER OUTLINE 187
A LOOK AHEAD 187
10.1 Valence Bond Theory 187
10.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 194
10.3 Hybridization in Molecules Containing ltiple Bonds 199
10.4 Molecular Orbital Theory 202
10.5 Intermolecular Forces 209
CHEMISTRY in Action 213
Questions & Problems 216
Chapter 11 Coordination Compounds 219
CHAPTER OUTLINE 219
A LOOK AHEAD 219
11.1 Overview of Coordination Compounds 219
11.2 Structure of Coordination Compounds 222
11.3 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory 224
11.4 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 228
11.5 Applications of Coordination Compounds 230
CHEMISTRY in Action 231
Questions & Problems 232
Chapter 12 Titrimetric Methods of Analysis 235
CHAPTER OUTLINE 235
A LOOK AHEAD 235
12.1 Uncertainty in Measurement 235
12.2 Overview of Titrimetry 236
12.3 Acid-Base Titrations 237
12.4 Odation-Reduction Titration 242
12.5 Complexometric Titration 243
CHEMISTRY in Action 244
Questions & Problems 246
Chapter 13 Nuclear Chemistry 249
CHAPTER OUTLINE 249
A LOOK AHEAD 249
13.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 249
13.2 Nuclear Stability 251
13.3 Natural Radioactivity 254
13.4 Nuclear Transtation 256
13.5 Nuclear Fission 258
13.6 Nuclear Fusion 262
13.7 Uses of Isotopes 2
13.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 265
CHEMISTRY in Action 266
Questions & Problems 269
GLOSSARY 271