Chapter 1 An Overview and Brief History of Feedback Control
A Perspective on Feedback Control
Chapter Overview
1.1 A Simple Feedback System
1.2 A First Analysis of Feedback
1.3 Feedback System Fundamentals
1.4 A Brief History
1.5 An Overview of the Book
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 2 Dynamic Models
A Perspective on Dynamic Models
Chapter Overview
2.1 Dynamics of Mechanical Systems
2.1.1 Translational Motion
2.1.2 Rotational Motion
2.1.3 Combined Rotation and Translation
2.1.4 Complex Mechanical Systems (W)①
2.1.5 Distributed Parameter Systems
2.1.6 Summary: Developing Equations of Motion for Rigid Bodies
2.2 Models of Electric Circuits
2.3 Models of Electromechanical Systems
2.3.1 Loudspeakers
2.3.2 Motors
△ 2.3.3 Gears
△ 2.4 Heat and Fluid-Flow Models
2.4.1 Heat Flow
2.4.2 Incompressible Fluid Flow
2.5 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 3 Dynamic Response
A Perspective on System Response
Chapter Overview
3.1 Review of Laplace Transforms
3.1.1 Response by Convolution
3.1.2 Transfer Functions and Frequency Response
3.1.3 The ?_ Laplace Transform
3.1.4 Properties of Laplace Transforms
3.1.5 Inverse Laplace Transform by Partial-Fraction Expansion
3.1.6 The Final Value Theorem
3.1.7 Using Laplace Transforms to Solve Differential Equations
3.1.8 Poles and Zeros
3.1.9 Linear System Analysis Using Matlab
3.2 System Modeling Diagrams
3.2.1 The Block Diagram
3.2.2 Block-Diagram Reduction Using Matlab
3.2.3 Mason’s Rule and the Signal Flow Graph (W)
3.3 Effect of Pole Locations
3.4 Time-Domain Specifications
3.4.1 Rise Time
3.4.2 Overshoot and Peak Time
3.4.3 Settling Time
3.5 Effects of Zeros and Additional Poles
3.6 Stability
3.6.1 Bounded Input-Bounded Output Stability
3.6.2 Stability of LTI Systems
3.6.3 Routh’s Stability Criterion
△ 3.7 Obtaining Models from Experimental Data: System Identification (W)
△ 3.8 Amplitude and Time Scaling (W)
3.9 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 4 A First Analysis of Feedback
A Perspective on the Analysis of Feedback
Chapter Overview
4.1 The Basic Equations of Control
4.1.1 Stability
4.1.2 Tracking
4.1.3 Regulation
4.1.4 Sensitivity
4.2 Control of Steady-State Error to Polynomial Inputs: System Type
4.2.1 System Type for Tracking
4.2.2 System Type for Regulation and Disturbance Rejection
4.3 The Three-Term Controller: PID Control
4.3.1 Proportional Control (P)
4.3.2 Integral Control (I)
4.3.3 Derivative Control (D)
4.3.4 Proportional Plus Integral Control (PI)
4.3.5 PID Control
4.3.6 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning of the PID Controller
4.4 Feedforward Control by Plant Model Inversion
△ 4.5 Introduction to Digital Control (W)
△ 4.6 Sensitivity of Time Response to Parameter Change (W)
4.7 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 5 The Root-Locus Design Method
A Perspective on the Root-Locus Design Method
Chapter Overview
5.1 Root Locus of a Basic Feedback System
5.2 Guidelines for Determining a Root Locus
5.2.1 Rules for Determining a Positive (180°) Root Locus
5.2.2 Summary of the Rules for Determining a Root Locus
5.2.3 Selecting the Parameter Value
5.3 Selected Illustrative Root Loci
5.4 Design Using Dynamic Compensation
5.4.1 Design Using Lead Compensation
5.4.2 Design Using Lag Compensation
5.4.3 Design Using Notch Compensation
△ 5.4.4 Analog and Digital Implementations (W)
5.5 Design Examples Using the Root Locus
5.6 Extensions of the Root-Locus Method
5.6.1 Rules for Plotting a Negative (0°) Root Locus
△ 5.6.2 Successive Loop ClosureS
△ 5.6.3 Time Delay (W)
5.7 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 6 The Frequency-Response Design Method
A Perspective on the Frequency-Response Design Method
Chapter Overview
6.1 Frequency Response
6.1.1 Bode Plot Techniques
6.1.2 Steady-State Errors
6.2 Neutral Stability
6.3 The Nyquist Stability Criterion
6.3.1 The Argument Principle
6.3.2 Application of The Argument Principle to Control Design
6.4 Stability Margins
6.5 Bode’s Gain-Phase Relationship
6.6 Closed-Loop Frequency Response
6.7 Compensation
6.7.1 PD Compensation
6.7.2 Lead Compensation (W)
6.7.3 PI Compensation
6.7.4 Lag Compensation
6.7.5 PID Compensation
6.7.6 Design Considerations
△ 6.7.7 Specifications in Terms of the Sensitivity Function
△ 6.7.8 Limitations on Design in Terms of the Sensitivity Function
△ 6.8 Time Delay
6.8.1 Time Delay via the Nyquist Diagram (W)
△ 6.9 Alternative Presentation of Data
6.9.1 Nichols Chart
6.9.2 The Inverse Nyquist Diagram (W)
6.10?Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 7 State-Space Design
A Perspective on State-Space Design
Chapter Overview
7.1 Advantages of State-Space
7.2 System Description in State-Space
7.3 Block Diagrams and State-Space
7.4 Analysis of the State Equations
7.4.1 Block Diagrams and Canonical Forms
7.4.2 Dynamic Response from the State Equations
7.5 Control-Law Design for Full-State Feedback
7.5.1 Finding the Control Law
7.5.2 Introducing the Reference Input with Full-State Feedback
7.6 Selection of Pole Locations for Good Design
7.6.1 Dominant Second-Order Poles
7.6.2 Symmetric Root Locus (SRL)
7.6.3 Comments on the Methods
7.7 Estimator Design
7.7.1 Full-Order Estimators
7.7.2 Reduced-Order Estimators
7.7.3 Estimator Pole Selection
7.8 Compensator Design: Combined Control Law and Estimator (W)
7.9 Introduction of the Reference Input with the Estimator (W)
7.9.1 General Structure for the Reference Input
7.9.2 Selecting the Gain
7.10?Integral Control and Robust Tracking
7.10.1?Integral Control
△ 7.10.2?Robust Tracking Control: The Error-Space Approach
△ 7.10.3?Model-Following Design
△ 7.10.4?The Extended Estimator
△ 7.11?Loop Transfer Recovery
△ 7.12?Direct Design with Rational Transfer Functions
△ 7.13?Design for Systems with Pure Time Delay
7.14?Solution of State Equations (W)
7.15?Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 8 Digital Control
A Perspective on Digital Control
Chapter Overview
8.1 Digitization
8.2 Dynamic Analysis of Discrete Systems
8.2.1 z-Transform
8.2.2 z-Transform Inversion
8.2.3 Relationship Between s and z
8.2.4 Final Value Theorem
8.3 Design Using Discrete Equivalents
8.3.1 Tustin’s Method
8.3.2 Zero-Order Hold (ZOH) Method
8.3.3 Matched Pole-Zero (MPZ) Method
8.3.4 Modified Matched Pole-Zero (MMPZ) Method
8.3.5 Comparison of Digital Approximation Methods
8.3.6 Applicability Limits of the Discrete Equivalent Design Method
8.4 Hardware Characteristics
8.4.1 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converters
8.4.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters
8.4.3 Anti-Alias Prefilters
8.4.4 The Computer
8.5 Sample-Rate Selection
8.5.1 Tracking Effectiveness
8.5.2 Disturbance Rejection
8.5.3 Effect of Anti-Alias Prefilter
8.5.4 Asynchronous Sampling
△ 8.6 Discrete Design
8.6.1 Analysis Tools
8.6.2 Feedback Properties
8.6.3 Discrete Design Example
8.6.4 Discrete Analysis of Designs
8.7 Discrete State-Space Design Methods (W)
8.8 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 9 Nonlinear Systems
A Perspective on Nonlinear Systems
Chapter Overview
9.1 Introduction and Motivation: Why Study Nonlinear Systems?
9.2 Analysis by Linearization
9.2.1 Linearization by Small-Signal Analysis
9.2.2 Linearization by Nonlinear Feedback
9.2.3 Linearization by Inverse Nonlinearity
9.3 Equivalent Gain Analysis Using the Root Locus
9.3.1 Integrator Antiwindup
9.4 Equivalent Gain Analysis Using Frequency Response: Describing Functions
9.4.1 Stability Analysis Using Describing Functions
△ 9.5 Analysis and Design Based on Stability
9.5.1 The Phase Plane
9.5.2 Lyapunov Stability Analysis
9.5.3 The Circle Criterion
9.6 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 10 Control System Design: Principles and Case Studies
A Perspective on Design Principles
Chapter Overview
10.1 An Outline of Control Systems Design
10.2 Design of a Satellite’s Attitude Control
10.3 Lateral and Longitudinal Control of a Boeing 747
? 10.3.1 Yaw Damper
? 10.3.2 Altitude-Hold Autopilot
10.4 Control of the Fuel-Air Ratio in an Automotive Engine
10.5 Control of a Quadrotor Drone
10.6 Control of RTP Systems in Semiconductor Wafer Manufacturing
10.7 Chemotaxis, or How E. Coli Swims Away from Trouble
10.8 Historical Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Appendix A Laplace Transforms
A.1 The ?_ Laplace Transform
?A.1.1 Properties of Laplace Transforms
?A.1.2 Inverse Laplace Transform by Partial-Fraction Expansion
?A.1.3 The Initial Value Theorem
?A.1.4 Final Value Theorem
Appendix B Solutions to the Review Questions
Appendix C Matlab Commands
Bibliography

List of Appendices on the Web①
Appendix WA A Review of Complex Variables
Appendix WB Summary of Matrix Theory
Appendix WC Controllability and Observability
Appendix WD Ackermann’s Formula for Pole Placement
Appendix W2.1.4 Complex Mechanical Systems
Appendix W3.2.3 Mason’s Rule and the Signal-Flow Graph
Appendix W3.6.3.1 Routh Special Cases
Appendix W3.7 System Identification
Appendix W3.8 Amplitude and Time Scaling
Appendix W4.1.4.1 The Filtered Case
Appendix W4.2.2.1 Truxal’s Formula for the Error Constants
Appendix W4.5 Introduction to Digital Control
Appendix W4.6 Sensitivity of Time Response to Parameter Change
Appendix W5.4.4 Analog and Digital Implementations
Appendix W5.6.3 Root Locus with Time Delay
Appendix W6.7.2 Digital Implementation of Example 6.15
Appendix W6.8.1 Time Delay via the Nyquist Diagram
Appendix W6.9.2 The Inverse Nyquist Diagram
Appendix W7.8 Digital Implementation of Example 7.31
Appendix W7.9 Digital Implementation of Example 7.33
Appendix W7.14 Solution of State Equations
Appendix W8.7 Discrete State-Space Design Methods