人身攻擊？自相矛盾？轉(zhuǎn)移話題？偷梁換柱？
對我有利的一定是對的。你就是針對我。大家都這么說。……
我們被不良的思維習(xí)慣束縛而不自知，從而落入學(xué)習(xí)、工作與生活中的思維陷阱。本書涵蓋批判性思維的所有基礎(chǔ)概念，從基本邏輯知識出發(fā)，剖析常見的邏輯謬誤，通過實例分析與趣味練習(xí)，助力讀者擊破思維障礙，走出思維困境，成為邏輯更強、思維更全面、不盲從的獨立思考者與表達(dá)者。
批判性思維常指善于主動、客觀地評估各種觀念和信息的能力、態(tài)度和傾向，是否擁有批判性思維的精神和氣質(zhì)，已經(jīng)成為人們在學(xué)習(xí)、工作和生活中能否出彩的關(guān)鍵。本書邏輯清晰，語言簡潔，既涵蓋批判性思維的所有基礎(chǔ)概念，如基本邏輯概念、語言陷阱、常見邏輯謬誤、分析及評估論證，又洞悉日常思維陷阱，有助于提高思辨能力。此外，本書不僅每章配備趣味練習(xí)，而且援引大量名人名言，既幫助讀者在學(xué)習(xí)、實踐中見證自己的進(jìn)步，還能予以啟迪。自問世以來，本書多次再版，深受國外大學(xué)師生歡迎，非常適合國內(nèi)高校師生，以及備考GRE、托福、雅思等考試的學(xué)生閱讀。
格雷戈里·巴沙姆（Gregory Bassham）是賓夕法尼亞州國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)榮譽退休教授，著述頗豐，已編輯多部書稿，新近出版的作品是《睡前讀物之哲學(xué)：從西方哲學(xué)的誕生到〈善地〉》（2021）。
威廉·歐文（William Irwin）是國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)教授，已出版多部學(xué)術(shù)著作、小說、教材，并發(fā)表多篇學(xué)術(shù)文章，主要研究方向為美學(xué)、存在主義、釋經(jīng)學(xué)。
亨利·納爾多內(nèi)（Henry Nardone）是國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)榮譽退休教授，已發(fā)表多篇關(guān)于批判性思維和美學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)文章。
詹姆斯·M. 華萊士（James M. Wallace）是國王學(xué)院的英語教授，多次出席關(guān)于寫作教學(xué)、文學(xué)研究、批判性思維等主題的會議，已在同行評審期刊上發(fā)表文章。
A Personal Word to Students
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Critical Thinking 1
What Is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking Standards
The Benefits of Critical Thinking
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Qualities of a Critical Thinker
Chapter 2 Recognizing Arguments
What Is an Argument?
Identifying Premises and Conclusions
What Is Not an Argument?
Chapter 3 Basic Logical Concepts
Deduction and Induction
How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive?
Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning
Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Validity
Inductive Strength
Chapter 4 Language
Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision
The Importance of Precise Definitions
Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth
Euphemisms and Political Correctness
Chapter 5 Logical FallaciesI
The Concept of Relevance
Fallacies of Relevance
Chapter 6 Logical FallaciesII
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
Chapter 7 Analyzing Arguments
Diagramming Short Arguments
Summarizing Longer Arguments
Chapter 8 Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims
When Is an Argument a Good One?
When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise?
Refuting Arguments
Chapter 9 A Little Categorical Logic
Categorical Statements
Translating into Standard Categorical Form
Categorical Syllogisms
Chapter 10 A Little Propositional Logic
Conjunction
Conjunction and Validity
Negation 272
Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction
Disjunction
Conditional Statements
Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning
Introduction to Induction
Inductive Generalizations
Statistical Arguments
Induction and Analogy
Induction and Causal Arguments
A Few Words about Probability
Chapter 12 Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Informational Sources
Taking Notes
Using Sources
Chapter 13 Writing Argumentative Essays
Writing a Successful Argument
Before You Write
Writing the First Draft
After the First Draft
Chapter 14 Thinking Critically about the Media
Mass Media and Social Media
The News
News Media Bias
Media Literacy
Advertising
Chapter 15 Science and Pseudoscience
The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning
The Limitations of Science
How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience
A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology
Appendix: The Six Habits of Effective Problem Solvers A-1
Answers to Selected Exercises ANS-1
Index I-1
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