Chapter 1Introduction1

1.1Impetus for the Study3

1.1.1Why Study Interpreters’ Role and Role Deviation in

Conference Interpreting?5

1.1.2Why Take Hedges as the Intervening Point to Explore

Interpreters’ Role?8

1.1.3Why Select Press Conferences Held by the Chinese Government

as Our Data Source?12

1.2Research Significance14

1.3Research Purposes18

1.4Research Questions19

1.5Research Methodology21

1.6Layout of This Book24

Chapter 2Literature Review27

2.1Overview of Interpreters’ Role in Interpreting Studies28

2.1.1Theoretical Review of Interpreters’ Role29

2.1.2Empirical Review of Interpreters’ Role33

2.1.3Studies on Role Deviation of Conference Interpreters39

2.2Overview on Hedges in Previous Researches41

2.2.1Hedges in Linguistic Studies41

2.2.2Hedges in Translation Studies43

2.2.3Hedges in Interpreting Studies45

2.3Studies on Interpreters’ Role through Corpus47

Chapter 3Interpreters’ Role and Role Deviation as

Perceived through the Use of Hedges50

3.1Interpreters’ Roles and Role Deviation51

3.1.1Role and Interpreters’ Role51

3.1.2Role Deviation: Role Expectation VS. Role Behavior57

3.1.3Role Deviation in Interpreting59

3.2Role Deviation as Perceived through the Use of Hedges61

3.2.1Rationale for Role Deviation as Perceived through

the Use of Hedges62

3.2.2Hedges as the Intervening Point to Investigate Role Deviation

as Perceived73

3.3Analytical Framework74

Chapter 4Building CECIC for the Study78

4.1Corpus as a Tool to Probe into Interpreters’ Role

Deviation79

4.2From Press Conferences of Chinese Government to

CECIC81

4.3Corpus Information83

4.3.1CECIC Design and Structure83

4.3.2Access to the Interpreting Recordings84

4.3.3Basic Introduction of CECIC87

4.4Transcription, Segmentation, Annotation, Parallel

Alignment and Python Coding Statistics87

Chapter 5Corpus-based Quantitative Analysis on

Hedges and Shifting92

5.1A Vertical Distribution of Hedges in CI Corpus94

5.1.1The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution in

Chinese in CI97

5.1.2The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution

in English in CI98

5.1.3The High Frequency Hedges Distribution in the Total101

5.1.4Significant Differences104

5.1.5Discussion106

5.2A Horizontal Description of Hedges Processing109

5.2.1The Additions of Hedges by Interpreters110

5.2.2The Abridgements of Hedges by Interpreters113

5.2.3The Substitutions of Hedges by Interpreters116

5.2.4The Equivalences of Hedges by Interpreters in CI118

5.2.5Discussion121

Chapter 6Qualitative Analysis on Role Deviation

in Hedges Shifting126

6.1Role Deviation in Hedges Shifting127

6.1.1Role Behavior of Interpreters through Hedges in CECIC128

6.1.2Role Expectations in Ethical Codes for Interpreters in CI140

6.1.3Role Deviation with Role Expectations as a Frame of

Reference141

6.2Roles Performed by Interpreters in Role Deviation

through Functions of Hedges143

6.2.1Interpreters as Keepers of Semantic Information through

Adapters and Rounders144

6.2.2Interpreters as Regulators of Pragmatic Tone through

Plausibility Shields147

6.2.3Interpreters as Distributors of Discourse Responsibility

through Attribution Shields149

6.2.4Interpreters as Controllers of Cognitive Resources through

Adaptors153

6.3Summary156

Chapter 7Conclusion159

7.1Major Findings160

7.1.1Hedges Distribution and Statistical Significance Results160

7.1.2Role Deviation via Hedges Shifting and Shifting

Regularities162

7.1.3Actual Roles in Role Deviation of Conference Interpreters163

7.2Contributions of This Study165

7.3Limitations and Future Directions167

References172

Appendix 1AIIC Code of Professional Ethics183

Appendix 2AUSIT Code of Ethics for Interpreters &

Translators186

Appendix 3AVLIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for

Professional Conduct190

Appendix 4NRPSI Code of Conduct for Public Service

Interpreters192

Appendix 5ATA Code of Professional Conduct and

Business Practices194List of Figures

Figure 1.1Conceptual Relations from Role to Hedges9

Figure 1.2The Linkage between Research Purposes, Research Questions

and Research Methods20

Figure 3.1The Conceptualization of Role Deviation58

Figure 3.2Prince, Frader and Bosk’s Taxonomy of Hedges66

Figure 3.3Theoretical and Analytical Framework for Role Deviation as

Perceived through the Use of Hedges67

Figure 3.4Horizontal and Vertical Data Analysis in CECIC76

Figure 4.1The Corpus Structure of CECIC84

Figure 4.2The Homepage of Tmxmall in Corpus Textual Alignment90

Figure 5.1Importing Transcribed Texts into Jupyter Notebook95

Figure 5.2Two Target Files Generated in Jupyter Notebook95

Figure 5.3Reading Target Files for Hedges Identification and

Categorization96

Figure 5.4Hedges Normalized Frequency in Chinese Corpus VS.

Hedges Normalized Frequency in English Corpus100

Figure 5.5Significant Differences Analysis and Its Implications109

List of Tables

Table 4.1Basic Introduction of CECIC85

Table 5.1Basic Information of CECIC96

Table 5.2The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution

in Chinese97

Table 5.3The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution

in English99

Table 5.4 High Frequency Hedges in Chinese Corpus103

Table 5.5High Frequency Hedges in English Corpus104

Table 5.6Paired Sample Statistics105

Table 5.7Paired Sample Correlation Coefficient105

Table 5.8Paired Sample T Test105

Table 5. 9Hedges Additions from Chinese to English in CECIC112

Table 5.10Hedges Abridgements from Chinese to English in CECIC115

Table 5.11Hedges Substitutions from Chinese to English in CECIC118

Table 5.12Hedges Equivalences from Chinese to English in CECIC120

Table 5.13Data on Hedges Additions, Abridgements, Substitutions and

Equivalences121

Table 7.1Data on Hedges Shifting and Shifting Regularities （C-E）162