Contents目錄Preface序言1Introduction引言References參考文獻(xiàn)GeneralLiterature普通著作2TheChemicalIndustry化學(xué)工業(yè)2.1ABriefHistory簡(jiǎn)史2.1.1InorganicChemicals無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)品2.1.2OrganicChemicals有機(jī)化學(xué)品2.1.3TheOilEra石油時(shí)代2.1.4TheAgeofSustainability可持續(xù)發(fā)展時(shí)代2.2StructureoftheChemicalIndustry化學(xué)工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)2.3RawMaterialsandEnergy原材料與能源2.3.1FossilFuelConsumptionandReserves化石燃料消耗和儲(chǔ)量2.3.2BiomassasanAlternativeforFossilFuels化石燃料的替代品--生物質(zhì)2.3.3EnergyandtheChemicalIndustry能源與化學(xué)工業(yè)2.3.4CompositionofFossilFuelsandBiomass化石燃料和生物質(zhì)組成2.4BaseChemicals基礎(chǔ)化學(xué)品GlobalTrendsintheChemicalIndustry化學(xué)工業(yè)全球趨勢(shì)Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)GeneralLiterature普通著作3ProcessesintheOilRefinery石油精煉工藝3.1TheOilRefinery?AnOverview石油精煉概述3.2PhysicalProcesses物理工藝3.2.1DesaltingandDehydration脫鹽和脫水3.2.2CrudeDistillation原油蒸餾3.2.3PropaneDeasphalting丙烷脫瀝青3.3ThermalProcesses熱處理工藝3.3.1Visbreaking減粘裂化3.3.2DelayedCoking延遲焦化3.3.3Flexicoking靈活焦化3.4CatalyticProcesses催化工藝3.4.1OctaneandCetaneNumbers辛烷和十六烷值3.4.2CatalyticCracking催化裂化3.4.3CatalyticReforming催化重整3.4.4Alkylation烷基化3.4.5Hydroprocessing加氫處理3.5CurrentandFutureTrendsinOilRefining石油精煉現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)趨勢(shì)3.5.1StricterEnvironmentalRegulations更嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境法規(guī)3.5.2RefineryConfigurations煉油廠配置Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)4ProductionofLightAlkenes低碳烯烴生產(chǎn)4.1Introduction引言4.2CrackingReactions裂化反應(yīng)4.2.1Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)4.2.2Mechanism原理4.2.3Kinetics動(dòng)力學(xué)4.3TheIndustrialProcess工業(yè)化工業(yè)4.3.1InfluenceofFeedstockonSteamCrackerOperationandProducts蒸汽裂解操作原料影響因素和產(chǎn)品4.3.2CrackingFurnace裂解爐4.3.3HeatExchanger熱交換器4.3.4CokeFormation積碳4.4ProductProcessing產(chǎn)品加工4.5NovelDevelopments新進(jìn)展4.5.1SelectiveDehydrogenationofLightAlkanes低碳烷烴選擇性脫氫4.5.2MetathesisofAlkenes烯烴置換作用4.5.3ProductionofLightAlkenesfromSynthesisGas合成氣生產(chǎn)低碳烯烴4.5.4DehydrationofBioethanol生物乙醇脫水4.5.5DirectConversionofMethane甲烷直接轉(zhuǎn)化Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)5ProductionofSynthesisGas合成氣生產(chǎn)5.1Introduction引言5.2SynthesisGasfromNaturalGas從天然氣到合成氣5.2.1ReactionsandThermodynamics反應(yīng)和熱力學(xué)5.2.2SteamReformingProcess蒸汽重整工藝5.2.3AutothermalReformingProcess自熱重整工藝5.2.4NovelDevelopments新進(jìn)展5.3CoalGasification煤氣化5.3.1GasificationReactions氣化反應(yīng)5.3.2Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)5.3.3GasificationTechnologies氣化技術(shù)5.3.4RecentDevelopmentsinGasificationTechnology氣化技術(shù)的最近發(fā)展5.3.5ApplicationsofCoalGasification媒氣化應(yīng)用5.3.6IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle集成氣化聯(lián)合循環(huán)5.3.7WhyGasify,NotBurnforElectricityGeneration?為何氣化而不是燃燒發(fā)電？5.3.8CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)碳捕捉和儲(chǔ)存5.4CleaningandConditioningofSynthesisGas合成氣的清洗和調(diào)節(jié)5.4.1AcidGasRemoval酸性氣體去除5.4.2Water–GasShiftReaction水煤氣變換反應(yīng)5.4.3Methanation甲烷化Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)6BulkChemicalsandSyntheticFuelsDerivedfromSynthesisGas從合成氣中提取的大宗化學(xué)品和合成燃料6.1Ammonia氨6.1.1BackgroundInformation背景資料6.1.2Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)6.1.3CommercialAmmoniaSynthesisReactors商業(yè)氨合成反應(yīng)器6.1.4AmmoniaSynthesisLoop氨合成回路6.1.5IntegratedAmmoniaPlant集成氨工段6.1.6HydrogenRecovery氫氣回收6.1.7ProductionofUrea尿素生產(chǎn)6.2Methanol甲醇6.2.1BackgroundInformation背景資料6.2.2Reactions,Thermodynamics,andCatalysts反應(yīng)、熱力學(xué)和催化劑6.2.3SynthesisGasforMethanolProduction甲醇生產(chǎn)合成氣6.2.4MethanolSynthesis甲醇合成6.2.5ProductionofFormaldehyde甲醛生產(chǎn)6.3SyntheticFuelsandFuelAdditives合成燃料和燃料添加劑6.3.1Fischer–TropschProcess費(fèi)希爾特羅普希工藝6.3.2Methanol-to-Gasoline(MTG)Process甲醇轉(zhuǎn)化汽油工藝6.3.3RecentDevelopmentsintheProductionofSyntheticFuels合成燃料生產(chǎn)新進(jìn)展6.3.4FuelAdditives?MethylTert-ButylEther燃料添加劑--甲基叔丁醚Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)7ProductionofPolymers?Polyethene聚合物生產(chǎn)--聚乙烯7.1Introduction引言7.2PolymerizationReactions聚合反應(yīng)7.2.1StepgrowthPolymerization逐步聚合7.2.2ChaingrowthPolymerization?RadicalandCoordinationPathways鏈增長(zhǎng)聚合—自由基和協(xié)調(diào)路徑7.3Polyethenes–BackgroundInformation聚乙烯—背景信息7.3.1CatalystDevelopment催化劑發(fā)展7.3.2ClassificationandProperties分類和性質(zhì)7.3.3Applications應(yīng)用7.4ProcessesfortheProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生產(chǎn)工藝7.4.1MonomerProductionandPurification單體生產(chǎn)和精制7.4.2Polymerization–Exothermicity聚合-放熱放熱反應(yīng)7.4.3ProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生產(chǎn)Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)8ProductionofFineChemicals精細(xì)化學(xué)品生產(chǎn)8.1Introduction引言8.2RoleofCatalysis催化劑作用8.2.1AtomEconomy原子經(jīng)濟(jì)8.2.2AlternativeReagentsandCatalysts選擇性試劑和催化劑8.2.3NovelReactionRoutes新反應(yīng)路線8.2.4Selectivity選擇性8.2.5Biocatalysis生物催化劑8.3Solvents溶劑8.3.1ConventionalSolvents傳統(tǒng)溶劑8.3.2AlternativeSolvents選擇性溶劑8.4ProductionPlants生產(chǎn)工段8.4.1MultiproductandMultipurposePlants(MMPs)多產(chǎn)品和多目的工段8.4.2DedicatedContinuousPlants專用連續(xù)工段8.5BatchReactorSelection間歇反應(yīng)器選擇8.5.1ReactorsforLiquidandGas–LiquidSystems液相和氣液相系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)器8.5.2ReactorsforGas–Liquid–SolidSystems氣液固系統(tǒng)選擇8.6BatchReactorScale-upEffects間歇反應(yīng)器放大效應(yīng)8.6.1TemperatureControl溫度控制8.6.2HeatTransfer熱傳遞8.6.3ExampleoftheScale-upofaBatchandSemi-BatchReactor間歇和半間歇反應(yīng)器放大案例8.6.4SummaryoftheScale-upofBatchReactors間歇反應(yīng)器概要8.7SafetyAspectsofFineChemicals精細(xì)化學(xué)品安全性8.7.1ThermalRisks熱危險(xiǎn)8.7.2SafetyandProcessDevelopment安全和工藝進(jìn)展Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)9ProcessIntensification工藝強(qiáng)化9.1Introduction引言9.1.1WhatisProcessIntensification何為工藝強(qiáng)化9.1.2HowtoIntensifyProcesses如何強(qiáng)化工藝9.2StructuredCatalyticReactors結(jié)構(gòu)化的催化反應(yīng)器9.2.1TypesofStructuredCatalystsandReactors結(jié)構(gòu)化的催化反應(yīng)器類型9.2.2Monoliths整體式9.2.3Microreactors微反應(yīng)器9.3MultifunctionalReactorsReactiveSeparation多功能反應(yīng)器反應(yīng)分離9.3.1ReactiveDistillation反應(yīng)精餾9.3.2CouplingReactionandMembraneSeparation耦合反應(yīng)和膜分離9.3.3CouplingReactionandAdsorption耦合反應(yīng)和吸附Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)10ProcessDevelopment工藝進(jìn)展10.1DependenceofStrategyonProductTypeandRawMaterials產(chǎn)品類型和原材料戰(zhàn)略依賴10.2TheCourseofProcessDevelopment工藝發(fā)展過(guò)程10.3DevelopmentofIndividualSteps個(gè)別步驟發(fā)展10.3.1ExploratoryPhase探索階段10.3.2FromProcessConcepttoPreliminaryFlowSheet從工藝概念到初步流程圖10.3.3PilotPlantsMiniplants實(shí)驗(yàn)工廠迷你工廠10.4Scale-up放大10.4.1ReactorswithaSingleFluidPhase單一流動(dòng)相反應(yīng)器10.4.2FixedBedCatalyticReactorswithOneorMoreFluidPhases單一或多流動(dòng)相固定床催化反應(yīng)器10.5SafetyandLossPrevention安全和損失預(yù)防10.5.1SafetyIssues安全問(wèn)題10.5.2ReactivityHazards反應(yīng)性危險(xiǎn)10.5.3DesignApproachestoSafety安全設(shè)計(jì)路徑10.6ProcessEvaluation工藝評(píng)估10.6.1CapitalCostEstimation資本成本估算10.6.2OperatingCostsandEarnings運(yùn)行成本和收入10.6.3ProfitabilityMeasures盈利措施10.7CurrentandFutureTrends當(dāng)前和未來(lái)趨勢(shì)Questions問(wèn)題References參考文獻(xiàn)GeneralLiterature普通著作Magazines雜志AppendixAChemicalIndustry?Figures附錄A化學(xué)工業(yè)—圖AppendixBMainSymbolsUsedinFlowSchemes附錄B流程圖中使用的符號(hào)Index索引