Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 The Methodology for the Study of the History of Philosophy

1.2 Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Philosophy

1.3 The Struggles Between Past and Present and Between China and the West and the Revolution in Modern Chinese Philosophy

References

Part I The Pre-Qin Period （CA. 1046-256 BCE）

Chapter 2 The Rise of Confucianism，Mohism，Daoism，and Legalism

2.1 Confucius Doctrine of the Unity of Humanity and Knowledge

2.2 Mozi and the Conflict Between Confucianism and Mohism The Antagonism Between Empiricism and Apriorism

2.3 The Laozi： The Movement of Dao Consists in Reversion The Presentation of the Dialectical Principle of Negation

2.4 Sunzi Bingfa （Sunzis Art of War）and the Rise of the Legalists

References

Chapter 3 The High Tide of Contention Among the Hundred Schools of Thought

3.1 The Guanzi： The Confluence of Legalism and Doctrines of the Huang-Lao School

3.2 The Conflict Between Confucian and Legalist Schools and Mencius Doctrine of the Goodness of Human Nature

3.3 Zhuangzi： Where All Things Are Equal， How Can One Be Long and Another Short? Relativism Against Dogmatism

3.4 The Logicians Debates on Hardness and Whiteness and on Similarity and Difference A Conflict Between Relativism and Absolutism

3.5 Later Mohist Views on the Relationship Between Names and Actualities and on Nature

References

Chapter 4 The Summing Up Stage of Pre-Qin Philosophy

4.1 Xunzis Summation of the Debates over Heaven and Humankind and over Names and Actualities The Union of Naive Materialism and Naive Dialectics

4.2 Han Fei： Incompatible Things Cannot Coexist

4.3 The Yi Zhuan： The Interaction of Yin and Yang Constitutes the Dao The Establishment of the Naive Principle of the Unity of Opposites

4.4 The Development of the Doctrine of the Yin Yang and Five Agents The Application of the Comparative Method of Dialectical Logic to the Sciences

References

Part I A Brief Summary

Part II From the Qin Han to the Qing Dynasty

Chapter 5 The Supremacy of Confucianism and Criticisms of Confucian

Theology

5.1 Dong Zhongshu and the Huainanzi The Antagonism Between the Teleological and Mechanistic Doctrines of Huo Shi

5.2 Wang Chongs Materialistic Doctrine of Mo Wei in Opposition to the Doctrine of Huo Shi

References

Chapter 6 Mysterious Learning and the Coexistence of Confucianism， Daoism， and Buddhism

6.1 Wang Bis Doctrine of Valuing Non-being and Pei Weis On the Importance of Being

6.2 Ji Kangs Challenge to Fatalism

6.3 The Commentary on the Zhuangzi： When There Is Being， There Is Non-being The Doctrine of Self-transformation Against Metaphysical Ontology

6.4 Ge Hongs Daoist Philosophy and Seng Zhaos Buddhism Expounded in Terms of Mysterious Learning

6.5 Fan Zhens Summing Up of the Debate over Body and Soul The Application of the Materialist Principle of the Unity of Substance and Function

References

Chapter 7 A Tendency Towards the Confluence of Confucianism， Daoism， and Buddhism

7.1 The Buddhist Tiantai Schools Doctrines： The Three Levels of Truth Are in Perfect Harmony with One Another and Even Inanimate Things Possess the Buddha Nature

7.2 The Buddhist Dharma Character Schools Doctrine：Everything Is Consciousness Only and the Buddhist Huayan Schools Doctrine： The Universal Causation of the Realm of Dharmas The Antithesis between Idealistic Empiricism and Rationalism

7.3 The Buddhist Zen （Chan） School The Completion of Confucianized Buddhism

7.4 Li Quans Religious Daoism with a Voluntarist Orientation

7.5 Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi： Heaven and Human Beings Do Not Interfere with Each Other and Heaven and Human Beings Are Evenly Matched： A Materialist Summary of the Debate Concerning Effort and Fate

References

Chapter 8 The Prevalence of Neo-Confucianism and the Criticisms

of Neo-Confucianism

8.1 Zhou Dunyi，Shao Yong，and the Cheng Brothers：Founders of Orthodox Neo-Confucianism

8.2 Zhang Zais Summing Up of the Debate over Being and Non-being （Movement and Tranquility） An Exposition of the Principle of the Unity of Opposites in Terms of Qi Monism

8.3 Zhu Xis System of Principle Monism

8.4 The Jing Gong New Learning and the Utilitarian Learning as Opposed to the Chengs and Zhu Xis Doctrine of Principle

8.5 Wang Shourens System of Mind Monism

8.6 Li Zhis Heretical Thoughts

References

Chapter 9 The Summing Up Stage of Ancient Chinese Philosophy

9.1 Wang Fuzhis Summary of the Debate over Principle and Vital Force （The Dao and Concrete Things） and Mind and Matter/Things （Knowledge and Action） A System of Qi Monism Unifying Naive Materialism and Naive Dialectics

9.2 The Enlightenment Thought and Historicist Methodology of Huang Zongxi

9.3 Gu Yanwus Practical Learning of Cultivating Oneself and Governing Others

9.4 Yan Yuans Discussion of Practice and Dai Zhens Discussion of Knowledge

References

Part II A Brief Summary

Part III Modern Period

Chapter 10 The Forerunners of Modern Chinese Philosophy

10.1 Gong Zizhen： The Dominator of the Masses Is Called the Self The Beginning of Modern Humanism

10.2 Wei Yuan： Basing My Ideas on Things and Knowing Something after Being Involved in Something The Beginning of the Debate over the Relation Between Mind and Matter/Things （Knowledge and Action） in Modern Times

References

Chapter 11 The Stage of Evolutionism in the Philosophical Revolution

11.1 Kang Youwei： An Advocate of Historical Evolutionism

11.2 Tan Sitong： The Study of Humanity Aimed at Breaking the Chains of Bondage

11.3 Yan Fus Doctrine of Natural Evolution and Empiricism

11.4 Liang Qichao on the Freedom of the Self and the Evolution of the Group

11.5 Zhang Taiyan： Competition Produces Intelligence and Revolution Develops Peoples Knowledge A Rudimentary Version of the Viewpoint of Social Practice

11.6 Wang Guowei： The Believability Versus the Lovability of Philosophical Theories

11.7 Sun Yat Sens Evolutionism and His Doctrine of the Relation Between Knowledge and Action

References

Chapter 12 The Philosophical Revolution Enters the Stage of Materialist Dialectics

12.1 Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu： From Evolutionism to Historical Materialism

12.2 Hu Shis Experimentalism and Liang Shumings Intuitionism

12.3 The Debate over Science Versus Metaphysics and Qu Qiubais Historical Determinism

12.4 Lu Xun on National Characteristics and His Aesthetic Ideas

References

Chapter 13 The Sinicization of Marxism and the Contributions Made by Professional Philosophers

13.1 Li Da and Ai Siqi： First Attempts to Sinicize Marxist Philosophy

13.2 Xiong Shili： New Doctrine of Consciousness Only

13.3 Zhu Guangqian： An Aesthetic Theory of Expression

13.4 Jin Yuelin： Applying What Is Attained from Experience to Experience Realism Based Unity of Perceptual and Rational Knowledge，and of Facts and Principles

13.5 Feng Youlan： The New Rational Philosophy

13.6 Marxists Critical Investigations on Traditional Thought

13.7 Mao Zedong：The Dynamic and Revolutionary Theory of Knowledge as the Reflection of Reality A Summation of the Debate over the Relation Between Mind and Matter/Things in the Philosophy of History and Epistemology

References

Part III A Brief Summary

Postscript

Glossary of Chinese Characters

Index