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In order to meet the needs of rapid development in communication of forensic medicine with foreign countries and the teaching of this course in English， China's first textbook of forensic medicine in English is compiled by 11 specialists in 8 universities of China， which includes the main contents of egery branch of forensic medicine. This textbook， being a teaching material， emphasizes "basic theory， elementary knowledge and essential skills" and strives to be brief and concise （words with pictures）， which， with 186 figures， can be used by undergraduates， postgraduates， foreign students in China and young forensic teachers for teaching and self-study.

    2.1.2 Death process
    Death has always been inevitable--"a fact of life". There is no immediate end of life， but a gradual process. Death does not occur at the same time in various kinds of tissues Or cells in a living organism. Generally， death process may be divided into three stages： agonal stage， clinical death， and biological death， which are described as follows.
    2.1.2.1 Agonal stage
    The first stage in the process is agonal stage which varies with causes of death， even lack of such a stage in some cases. For example， in the case of severe brainstem damage or cardiac trauma， death directly proceeds to the second stage， the clinical death， without experiencing agonal stage， whereas this stage may last relatively longer， about several hours， in the cases dying from chronic illnesses.
    Clinical manifestations in this stage may vary with cases. In some cases， it is mainly characterized by malfunction of CNS and mental disturbance such as delirium and coma. Dependents or friends cannot be recognized due to visual loss. The heart may contract so feebly without producing any palpable pulsation and bearable heart sound， and with decrease in blood pressure， Death in this stage is reversible if intensive resuscitation is taken in some cases. Otherwise， death may continue and proceed from agonal stage to clinical death.
    2.1.2.2 Clinical death
    Clinical death is characterized by cessation of circulation and spontaneous respiration， which is also called somatic death or individual death. In this stage， all reflexes may not be elicited. This stage may last 5-6 min in which cerebral cortex might survive without oxygen or from hypoxia in essence. The stage may continue for one hour or more if the patient or victim was intervened with management of hypothermia. It is possible that the patient may come to life with intensive and effective resuscitation in this stage.
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