崔校平編*的《英語(yǔ)詞匯與西方文化》共分十章，從英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和跨文化交際的角度深入淺出地探討英語(yǔ)詞匯與西方文化，特別是與英美國(guó)家文化的關(guān)系。
該教材的特點(diǎn)是：1、適用性強(qiáng)，既可以作為課堂教材講授，又適用于學(xué)生自學(xué)；2、例證豐富，有助于學(xué)生迅速擴(kuò)大詞匯量；3、趣味性強(qiáng)，集知識(shí)性、趣味性于一體，把枯燥的英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)變成有趣的文化學(xué)習(xí)；4、內(nèi)容豐富，融詞匯與文化學(xué)習(xí)為一體，讀者可以邊學(xué)文化邊學(xué)詞匯，真正了解詞匯的內(nèi)涵，收到事半功倍之效。
語(yǔ)言是什么？
語(yǔ)言是人類最重要的交際工具，是人們進(jìn)行溝通交流的各種表達(dá)符號(hào)。人們借助語(yǔ)言保存和傳遞人類文明的成果。語(yǔ)言是民族的重要特征之一。抽象地說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言指的是交際過(guò)程中所用的一種符號(hào)系統(tǒng)，包括語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法三大要素。具體地說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言指的是人們?cè)诮浑H過(guò)程中說(shuō)出的話語(yǔ)和寫(xiě)出的文字。語(yǔ)言不僅是形式，也是內(nèi)容。根據(jù)德國(guó)出版的《語(yǔ)言學(xué)及語(yǔ)言交際工具問(wèn)題手冊(cè)》，現(xiàn)在世界上查明的語(yǔ)言有 5 651種。在這些語(yǔ)言中，約有 1 400多種還沒(méi)有被人們承認(rèn)為獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)言，或者是正在衰亡的語(yǔ)言。
文化又是什么？
“文化”一詞，英文、法文都寫(xiě)作 culture，它是從拉丁文演化來(lái)的。拉丁文 cultura含有“耕種、居住、練習(xí)、留心或注意”等義項(xiàng)。 19世紀(jì)中葉，一些新的人文學(xué)科如人類學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、民族學(xué)等在西方興起，文化的概念從而發(fā)生了變化，逐步成為概括以上新興學(xué)科的、具有現(xiàn)代色彩的重要術(shù)語(yǔ)。最早把文化作為專門術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)使用的是被稱為“人類學(xué)之父”的英國(guó)人泰勒（ E. B. Tylor），他在 1871年發(fā)表的《原始文化》一書(shū)中給文化下了定義：文化是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的總體，包括知識(shí)、信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及人類在社會(huì)里所獲得的一切能力與習(xí)慣�；\統(tǒng)地說(shuō)，文化是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，是人們長(zhǎng)期創(chuàng)造形成的產(chǎn)物；同時(shí)，文化又是一種歷史現(xiàn)象，是社會(huì)歷史的積淀物。確切地說(shuō)，文化是指一個(gè)國(guó)家或民族的歷史、地理、風(fēng)土人情、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗、生活方式、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、行為規(guī)范、思維方式和價(jià)值觀念等。
語(yǔ)言與文化之間是什么關(guān)系？
語(yǔ)言作為文化的載體，它們之間的關(guān)系十分密切，但語(yǔ)言與文化又分屬兩個(gè)不同的概念，它們是有區(qū)別的。語(yǔ)言與文化相互依存的關(guān)系對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。語(yǔ)言和文化是同步發(fā)生的，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言就沒(méi)有文化，語(yǔ)言是文化形成和發(fā)展的前提，文化的發(fā)展也促進(jìn)了語(yǔ)言的豐富和完善。無(wú)論從哪一個(gè)角度來(lái)看，我們都知曉這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：人類的語(yǔ)言是人類社會(huì)文化的語(yǔ)言，它與人類社會(huì)、人類文化有著許多密切的
關(guān)系。語(yǔ)言是文化的一部分，并對(duì)文化起著重要作用。有些社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言是文
化的基石——沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言，就沒(méi)有文化；從另一個(gè)方面看，語(yǔ)言又受文化的影響，反映
文化�？梢哉f(shuō)，語(yǔ)言反映一個(gè)民族的特征，它不僅包含著該民族的歷史和文化背景，
而且蘊(yùn)藏著該民族對(duì)人生的看法、生活方式和思維方式。語(yǔ)言與文化互相影響，互相
作用。理解語(yǔ)言必須了解文化，理解文化也必須了解語(yǔ)言。
那么詞匯與文化是什么關(guān)系？
詞匯是語(yǔ)言的基本構(gòu)成要素，是語(yǔ)言大系統(tǒng)賴以存在的支柱，也是文化的主要載體。“語(yǔ)言詞匯是最明顯的承載文化信息、反映人類社會(huì)生活的工具”。因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門語(yǔ)言不僅要學(xué)習(xí)其語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法，還要學(xué)習(xí)詞匯使用的不同文化背景和使用場(chǎng)合。比如： girl Friday（女仆），family man（有妻子兒女的男人），continental breakfast（清淡的早餐）等。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，若對(duì)西方文化（尤其是英美文化）一點(diǎn)不了解，就不能真正理解某些詞匯的真正含義。詞匯的意義與文化有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系，這說(shuō)明學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)就必須學(xué)習(xí)英美文化，特別是當(dāng)我們學(xué)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)一定要了解詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵。這不但是學(xué)習(xí)文化詞匯、擴(kuò)充詞匯量的捷徑，還是幫助我們區(qū)分英美文化精華與糟粕的
有效途徑，從而更有利于我們傳承中國(guó)文化。
本教材共分十章，作者主要從英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和跨文化交際的角度深入淺出地探討英語(yǔ)
詞匯與西方文化，特別是英美國(guó)家文化的關(guān)系，并用大量的實(shí)例提示詞匯是文化的載體，
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)離不開(kāi)文化，否則就不可能真正把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好。本教材的特點(diǎn)是： 1.適用性強(qiáng)，
既可以作為課堂教材講授，又適用于學(xué)生自學(xué)； 2.例證豐富，有助于學(xué)生迅速擴(kuò)大詞
匯量； 3.趣味性強(qiáng)，集知識(shí)性、趣味性于一體，把枯燥的英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)變成有趣的文
化學(xué)習(xí)； 4.內(nèi)容豐富，融詞匯與文化學(xué)習(xí)為一體，讀者可以邊學(xué)文化邊學(xué)詞匯，真正
了解詞匯的內(nèi)涵，收到事半功倍之效。
本教材的編寫(xiě)參考了若干文獻(xiàn)資料，主要參考文獻(xiàn)在每個(gè)章節(jié)的后面列出，在此
向文獻(xiàn)資料的撰寫(xiě)者們表示感謝。此外，本書(shū)的編寫(xiě)及出版得到山東大學(xué)本科生院和
清華大學(xué)出版社的支持，在此謹(jǐn)致衷心謝意。
本教材的初稿已作為山東大學(xué)本科生通識(shí)教育選修課程教材使用過(guò)四屆，作為通
識(shí)教育核心課程教材使用過(guò)三屆，受到廣大師生的喜愛(ài)。現(xiàn)將其作為通識(shí)教育核心課
教材正式出版，但愿它能夠成為廣大師生和英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者的良師益友！
由于作者水平所限，書(shū)中錯(cuò)訛紕漏之處在所難免，敬請(qǐng)廣大讀者和同仁批評(píng)指正。
崔校平于濟(jì)南 2015年 6月
第一章英語(yǔ)詞匯的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展 ···················································································1
第一節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)源概說(shuō) ·········································································································· 1
第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與英國(guó)歷史···································································································· 16
第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與文化············································································································· 22
第四節(jié)影響英語(yǔ)詞匯的不同文化因素················································································· 34
Exercise Ⅰ ········································································································································· 45
第二章英語(yǔ)飲食詞匯與文化······················································································47
第一節(jié)英語(yǔ)飲食詞匯文化的內(nèi)涵和語(yǔ)義理?yè)?jù)··································································· 47第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與鹽文化 ········································································································ 55第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)中食物詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)的文化意義 ············································································ 59
Exercise Ⅱ ········································································································································· 62
第三章顏色詞匯與語(yǔ)言文化······················································································65
第一節(jié)基本顏色詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵 ·························································································· 65
第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)顏色詞的社會(huì)文化意義······················································································ 68
第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)中關(guān)于顏色的詞語(yǔ)······························································································· 73
Exercise Ⅲ ········································································································································· 77
第四章動(dòng)植物詞匯與西方文化 ·················································································81
第一節(jié)英漢動(dòng)物詞匯的聯(lián)想意義及文化內(nèi)涵··································································· 81第二節(jié)從“貓”的文化含義看英語(yǔ)詞匯的民族文化性 ················································ 89
第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)植物詞匯的聯(lián)想意義 ·························································································· 91
Exercise Ⅳ ········································································································································· 98
第五章英語(yǔ)詞匯與希臘羅馬神話·············································································99
第一節(jié)希臘羅馬神話簡(jiǎn)介 ········································································································ 99第二節(jié)古希臘羅馬神話對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯的影響······································································ 105 第三節(jié)源自希臘羅馬神話諸神的英語(yǔ)詞匯······································································ 109 Exercise Ⅴ ········································································································································116
第六章英語(yǔ)詞匯與海洋文化···················································································· 119第一節(jié)海洋文化對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯的影響·····················································································119第二節(jié)源于航海的英語(yǔ)詞匯·································································································· 123第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與魚(yú)的種類·································································································· 126 Exercise Ⅵ ······································································································································· 132
第七章英語(yǔ)姓名與西方文化····················································································135第一節(jié)英國(guó)人姓名的起源及其理?yè)?jù)···················································································· 135第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)民族姓名的文化含義 ························································································ 142第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)中來(lái)自人名的詞匯及其修辭特色································································· 152第四節(jié)英語(yǔ)中男女名字及其含義的不同 ·········································································· 157 Exercise Ⅶ ······································································································································· 162
第八章英語(yǔ)地名與西方文化····················································································165第一節(jié)英國(guó)地名的歷史文化內(nèi)涵 ························································································ 165第二節(jié)從地名看美國(guó)文化 ······································································································ 171第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與北美印第安文化···················································································· 177第四節(jié)含地名的英語(yǔ)詞匯與文化 ························································································ 183 Exercise Ⅷ ······································································································································· 188
第九章英語(yǔ)詞匯與宗教·····························································································191第一節(jié)基督教文化對(duì)英語(yǔ)的影響 ························································································ 191第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)與基督教文化····························································································· 198第三節(jié)英語(yǔ)詞匯與《圣經(jīng)》···································································································· 201 Exercise Ⅸ ········································································································································211
第十章英語(yǔ)詞匯與文學(xué)作品····················································································213第一節(jié)源自文學(xué)作品的常用英語(yǔ)詞匯··············································································· 213第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)與文學(xué)作品的關(guān)系···················································································· 221第三節(jié)源自《伊索寓言》的英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)··············································································· 228 Exercise Ⅹ ······································································································································· 232
參考答案·····························································································································235
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