Contents
前言
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Methodology and Data for the Research 4
1.2.1 Data Collection 5
1.2.2 Corpus Building 6
1.3 Data Analysis 7
1.3.1 Analysis Instruments 7
1.3.2 Analysis Procedures 8
Chapter 2 Linguistic Economy and Pragmatic Strategy 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.1 Origin of Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.2 Syntactic Economy 14
2.2.3 Pragmatic Economy 16
2.3 Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.2 Classification of Pragmatic Strategies 21
2.4 Integration of Pragmatic Strategy with Linguistic Economy 24
2.5 Summary 26
Chapter 3 Motivation for Implementing Strategies of Pragmatic Economy in RAs 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Intention and Some Similar Words 29
3.2.1 Intention and Intentionality 29
3.2.2 Intention and Goal 31
3.3 Intentional Explanation of Meaning 34
3.3.1 Philosophical Orientation 34
3.3.2 Pragmatic Orientation 37
3.3.3 Discoursive Orientation 40
3.4 Scientific Communication 43
3.4.1 Scientific Discourse Community 43
3.4.2 Scientific Communication as Intentional Interaction 45
3.5 Intention, Meaning and Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 48
3.6 Summary 51
Chapter 4 The Carrier of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Intentional Network of Discourse Meaning Formation 54
4.2.1 Concept of Intentional Network 54
4.2.2 Intentionality 56
4.2.3 Complexity 61
4.2.4 Three-dimension Dynamics 63
4.2.5 Cognitive Mechanism of Intentional Network 64
4.3 Definition of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 66
4.4 Summary 69
Chapter 5 Explicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Definition of Explicit Pragmatic Strategies 71
5.3 Pragmatic Macro-structure Strategies 73
5.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Macro-structure 73
5.3.2 Division of an RA into Sections 75
5.3.3 Length of RAs 79
5.3.4 Pragmatic Macro-structures of RA Sections 81
5.4 Thematic Organization Strategies 92
5.4.1 Thematic Choice 92
5.4.2 Thematic Progression 104
5.5 Information Manipulation Strategies 107
5.6 Meta-pragmatic Framing Strategies 111
5.7 Summary 115
Chapter 6 Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Definition of Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 118
6.3 Pragmatic Presupposition Strategy 119
6.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition and Pragmatic Strategy 119
6.3.2 Norminalization as Presupposition Trigger 121
6.4 Knowledge Structure Strategy 125
6.4.1 Schemata Strategy 126
6.4.2 Frame Strategy 130
6.5 Transitivity Structure 132
6.6 Shift of Information Attribution 136
6.7 Summary 143
Chapter 7 Integration of Explicit and Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Persuasion as Psychological Interaction 144
7.3 Persuasive Effect of Style 146
7.3.1 Persuasion and Style 146
7.3.2 Contextual Constraints on Style 148
7.4 Comprehensive Application of Strategies 153
7.5 Summary 157
Bibliography 158
Appendix 168
List of Tables
Table 5.1 Pragmatic macro-structure of RAs across journals 76
Table 5.2 Examples of unconventional RA section headings 77
Table 5.3 Variability in the number of sections 79
Table 5.4 Absolute length of the sections across journals 79
Table 5.5 Three-move structure for the RA Introduction section (Swales, 1990)82
Table 5.6 Revised CARS model (Swales, 2004) 82
Table 5.7 Frequency of pragmatic macro-structure of the Introduction section in the corpus 84
Table 5.8 Pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Table 5.9 Move structure for RA Results section (Brett, 1994)89
Table 5.10 Pragmatic macro-structure for the Discussion section 90
Table 5.11 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Results and Discussion section in the corpus 91
Table 5.12 Distribution of simple and multiple themes across sections 93
Table 5.13 Percentages and frequent cases of textual themes across sections 94
Table 5.14 Topical marked and unmarked themes across sections 98
Table 5.15 Percentages of contextual marked themes across sections 98
Table 5.16 Percentages of types of subject heads of unmarked themes across sections 100
Table 5.17 Frequency of specialized structures per 1000 words 109
Table 5.18 Metapragmatic markers across sections per 1000 words (% of total)115
Table 6.1 Frequency of norminalization in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 124
Table 6.2 Transitivity structure across sections 134
Table 6.3 Frequency of source types per 1000 words 140
Table 6.4 Frequency of reporting verbs per 1000 words in the self-sourced hidden clauses with a non-human subject 141
Table 6.5 Frequency of source types in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 142
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Direct Action (Leech, 1983) 22
Figure 2.2 Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 23
Figure 2.3 Complex Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 24
Figure 3.1 Intentional interaction in scientific communication 46
Figure 3.2 Intention, meaning and strategies for pragmatic economy 50
Figure 4.1 Intentional network of discourse meaning formation in RAs 56
Figure 4.2 The position of sentence connectors in academic English 60
Figure 4.3 Communicative intentions in the model text 60
Figure 4.4 Structural relations of communicative intentions in the model text 61
Figure 5.1 Structure of an experimental scientific article (Renkema, 1993) 75
Figure 5.2 Relative length of each section across journals 80
Figure 5.3 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Theoretical Analysis section 86
Figure 5.4 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Figure 5.5 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Conclusions section in the corpus 92
Figure 5.6 Progressive cline of writer visibility 103
Figure 6.1 The origin of schemata (Swales, 1990) 127
Figure 6.2 Schemata used in discourse production 129
Figure 6.3 Frame for measurement environment of a device 132
Figure 6.4 Reporting sources 138
Figure 6.5 Frequency of clause types in self-sourced reports per 1000 words 140
Figure 7.1 Comprehensive application of strategies 155
List of Graphs
Graph 5.1 Comparison of the general tendency of each section to appear in RAs across journals 81
Graph 5.2 Dynamics of unmarked themes 103