原 理 篇
第1 章 BFE 簡(jiǎn)介·····························································································3
1.1 什么是BFE·························································································3
1.2 BFE平臺(tái)介紹·····················································································4
1.2.1 為什么需要構(gòu)建BFE 平臺(tái)·····················································4
1.2.2 BFE平臺(tái)的主要功能·····························································6
1.3 BFE開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目介紹·············································································7
1.3.1 BFE平臺(tái)的模塊組成·····························································7
1.3.2 BFE開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目中的內(nèi)容··························································9
第2 章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)前端接入技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介·····································································10
2.1 什么是網(wǎng)絡(luò)前端接入········································································10
2.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)前端接入面臨的挑戰(zhàn)································································11
2.3 百度的網(wǎng)絡(luò)前端接入方案································································13
2.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)前端接入技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)························································15
第3 章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)載均衡技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介·····································································24
3.1 負(fù)載均衡的概念···············································································24
3.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)載均衡功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)································································25
深入理解BFE
·VI·
3.2.1 機(jī)制說(shuō)明···············································································25
3.2.2 兩種方式對(duì)比········································································27
3.3 四層負(fù)載均衡和七層負(fù)載均衡························································28
設(shè) 計(jì) 篇
第4 章 BFE 的設(shè)計(jì)思想················································································33
4.1 BFE轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)引擎重構(gòu)的緣起································································33
4.2 BFE為什么要基于Go 語(yǔ)言·····························································34
4.3 BFE轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)引擎的主要設(shè)計(jì)思想························································37
4.4 BFE和相關(guān)開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目的對(duì)比····························································38
第5 章 BFE 的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)模型················································································42
5.1 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)模型概述···················································································42
5.1.1 基本概念···············································································42
5.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)過(guò)程···············································································43
5.1.3 對(duì)多租戶實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制的討論····················································46
5.2 BFE的路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)機(jī)制·······································································47
5.3 條件表達(dá)式·······················································································49
5.3.1 設(shè)計(jì)思想···············································································49
5.3.2 基本概念···············································································50
5.3.3 語(yǔ)法介紹···············································································51
5.3.4 條件原語(yǔ)匹配的內(nèi)容····························································52
5.3.5 條件原語(yǔ)名稱的規(guī)范····························································54
5.4 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度機(jī)制············································································55
5.4.1 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度背景介紹························································55
5.4.2 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度工作機(jī)制························································60
目 錄
·VII·
5.4.3 內(nèi)網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的其他機(jī)制····························································65
第6 章 與轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制·····································································68
6.1 健康檢查機(jī)制···················································································68
6.1.1 健康檢查的原理····································································69
6.1.2 主動(dòng)健康檢查和被動(dòng)健康檢查············································69
6.1.3 分布式健康檢查和集中式健康檢查····································73
6.1.4 BFE的健康檢查···································································77
6.2 超時(shí)設(shè)置···························································································77
6.2.1 BFE和客戶端間通信的超時(shí)················································78
6.2.2 BFE和后端實(shí)例間通信的超時(shí)············································81
6.3 BFE信息透?jìng)鳌ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁ?4
6.3.1 客戶端IP地址的透?jìng)鳌ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁ?4
6.3.2 其他信息的透?jìng)鳌ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁ?5
6.4 限流機(jī)制···························································································89
6.4.1 限流的概念···········································································89
6.4.2 限流的配置···········································································91
6.4.3 分布式限流···········································································91
6.4.4 入口限流和目的限流····························································94
6.4.5 限流和內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度····························································95
第7 章 運(yùn)維相關(guān)機(jī)制····················································································97
7.1 監(jiān)控機(jī)制···························································································97
7.1.1 日志監(jiān)控及其問(wèn)題································································98
7.1.2 BFE的內(nèi)部狀態(tài)輸出···························································99
7.1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)狀態(tài)和日志的配合使用··············································101
深入理解BFE
·VIII·
7.2 Web Monitor基礎(chǔ)庫(kù)·······································································101
7.2.1 Web Monitor概述·······························································102
7.2.2 狀態(tài)變量維護(hù)······································································102
7.2.3 延遲統(tǒng)計(jì)變量維護(hù)······························································104
7.2.4 建立專用的Web服務(wù)器·····················································106
7.2.5 注冊(cè)回調(diào)函數(shù)······································································107
7.3 日志機(jī)制·························································································108
7.3.1 日志類型·············································································108
7.3.2 日志打印的注意事項(xiàng)··························································109
7.3.3 BFE的訪問(wèn)日志·································································110
7.4 配置管理························································································.111
7.4.1 BFE配置文件的分布·························································.111
7.4.2 常規(guī)配置和動(dòng)態(tài)配置··························································112
7.4.3 動(dòng)態(tài)配置的實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制··························································113
第8 章 HTTPS 的優(yōu)化················································································116
8.1 HTTPS優(yōu)化背景及必要性·····························································116
8.2 HTTPS優(yōu)化的挑戰(zhàn)········································································117
8.3 HTTPS中的優(yōu)化機(jī)制·····································································118
8.4 BFE中HTTPS 相關(guān)增強(qiáng)機(jī)制························································120
操 作 篇
第9 章 BFE 服務(wù)的安裝部署······································································129
9.1 軟件安裝包下載安裝······································································129
9.2 源代碼編譯方式安裝······································································132
9.3 Docker方式安裝·············································································133
目 錄
·IX·
9.4 BFE命令行參數(shù)·············································································134
9.5 查看BFE 服務(wù)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)·····························································135
第10 章 BFE 服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)配置····································································136
10.1 場(chǎng)景說(shuō)明·······················································································136
10.2 修改基礎(chǔ)配置文件········································································137
10.3 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的配置···················································································138
10.3.1 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)配置流程····································································138
10.3.2 具體案例···········································································139
10.3.3 服務(wù)訪問(wèn)驗(yàn)證····································································146
10.3.4 配置的重新加載································································146
第11 章 配置負(fù)載均衡算法及會(huì)話保持·····················································147
11.1 子集群間的負(fù)載均衡····································································147
11.2 子集群級(jí)別的會(huì)話保持································································149
11.2.1 配置實(shí)例···········································································149
11.2.2 參數(shù)的具體含義································································150
11.3 實(shí)例間的負(fù)載均衡········································································151
11.3.1 加權(quán)輪詢配置示例····························································151
11.3.2 最小連接數(shù)的配置示例····················································153
11.4 實(shí)例級(jí)別的會(huì)話保持····································································154
第12 章 配置HTTPS 和更多協(xié)議·····························································155
12.1 設(shè)置HTTPS 基礎(chǔ)配置··································································155
12.1.1 配置HTTPS 端口·····························································156
12.1.2 配置加密套件····································································156
12.1.3 配置服務(wù)端證書(shū)································································156
深入理解BFE
·X·
12.1.4 配置TLS 規(guī)則···································································157
12.2 配置TLS 會(huì)話重用·······································································158
12.2.1 配置會(huì)話緩存····································································159
12.2.2 配置會(huì)話票證····································································160
12.3 配置TLS 雙向認(rèn)證·······································································161
12.4 對(duì)不同安全等級(jí)的區(qū)分································································163
12.5 支持更多協(xié)議···············································································164
12.5.1 HTTP/2配置·····································································165
12.5.2 SPDY 配置········································································166
12.5.3 WebSocket配置·································································167
12.5.4 連接后端服務(wù)的協(xié)議························································169
第13 章 其他常用配置················································································171
13.1 配置重寫(xiě)·······················································································171
13.1.1 開(kāi)啟重寫(xiě)···········································································171
13.1.2 模塊配置···········································································171
13.1.3 重寫(xiě)動(dòng)作詳細(xì)描述····························································173
13.2 配置重定向···················································································177
13.2.1 開(kāi)啟重定向········································································177
13.2.2 模塊配置···········································································177
13.2.3 重定向動(dòng)作詳細(xì)描述························································178
13.3 配置限流功能···············································································180
13.3.1 開(kāi)啟限流模塊····································································180
13.3.2 模塊配置···········································································181
13.3.3 限制特定維度的流量························································182
13.3.4 設(shè)置限流門限····································································183
13.3.5 設(shè)置限流動(dòng)作····································································184
目 錄
·XI·
實(shí) 現(xiàn) 篇
第14 章 其他常用配置················································································187
14.1 BFE的代碼組織···········································································187
14.2 BFE的進(jìn)程模型···········································································190
14.2.1 協(xié)程的分類·······································································190
14.2.2 并發(fā)模型···········································································191
14.2.3 并發(fā)能力···········································································192
14.2.4 異�；謴�(fù)機(jī)制····································································192
14.3 請(qǐng)求處理流程···············································································193
14.3.1 連接的建立·······································································193
14.3.2 連接的處理·······································································194
14.3.3 請(qǐng)求的處理·······································································196
14.3.4 請(qǐng)求的結(jié)束·······································································198
14.3.5 連接的結(jié)束·······································································199
14.4 請(qǐng)求路由實(shí)現(xiàn)···············································································199
14.4.1 關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)····································································200
14.4.2 目的租戶路由····································································203
14.4.3 目的集群路由····································································204
14.5 負(fù)載均衡實(shí)現(xiàn)···············································································206
14.5.1 全局負(fù)載均衡····································································207
14.5.2 分布式負(fù)載均衡································································210
第15 章 模塊插件機(jī)制················································································214
15.1 BFE的回調(diào)點(diǎn)設(shè)置·······································································214
15.2 BFE內(nèi)置的擴(kuò)展模塊···································································216
15.3 模塊框架的實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制····································································217
深入理解BFE
·XII·
15.3.1 模塊基礎(chǔ)類型····································································217
15.3.2 連接/請(qǐng)求處理及回調(diào)函數(shù)的調(diào)用···································223
15.4 如何開(kāi)發(fā)BFE擴(kuò)展模塊·······························································224
15.4.1 配置加載···········································································225
15.4.2 回調(diào)函數(shù)的編寫(xiě)和注冊(cè)····················································226
15.4.3 模塊狀態(tài)的展示································································228
第16 章 核心協(xié)議實(shí)現(xiàn)················································································231
16.1 HTTP的實(shí)現(xiàn)················································································231
16.1.1 HTTP 代碼的組織·····························································231
16.1.2 從用戶讀取HTTP 請(qǐng)求····················································233
16.1.3 向后端轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)請(qǐng)求并獲取響應(yīng)············································236
16.1.4 向用戶回復(fù)HTTP 響應(yīng)····················································239
16.2 HTTP2的實(shí)現(xiàn)··············································································240
16.2.1 HTTP2 代碼的組織···························································240
16.2.2 HTTP2 連接處理模塊·······················································241
16.2.3 HTTP2 連接相關(guān)協(xié)程及關(guān)系···········································243
第17 章 BFE 的多進(jìn)程GC 機(jī)制································································249
17.1 模型設(shè)計(jì)·······················································································249
17.1.1 多進(jìn)程輪轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)制································································250
17.1.2 子進(jìn)程狀態(tài)定義································································252
17.2 相關(guān)參數(shù)的確定············································································253
17.2.1 切換時(shí)間參數(shù)的選擇························································253
17.2.2 子進(jìn)程數(shù)量的計(jì)算····························································255
17.2.3 內(nèi)存消耗的計(jì)算································································256