Contents
1.1 The State ofResearch in Vehicle Dynamics 1
1.2 The State ofResearch in Road Dynamics 5
1.3 The State ofResearch in Tire Dynamics 11
1.4 The Research Scheme ofVehicle-Road Coupled
1.5 0utline and the Main Issues ofVehicle-Road Coupled System Dynamics 14
References 15
2 Dynamic Analysis of a Heavy Vehicle Using Lumped Parameter Model 23
2.1 Experimental Modeling for the Nonlinear Components in Vehicle Suspension 23
2.1.1 Experimental Damping Characteristics of the Shock Absorber 24
2.1.2 Experimental Stiffness Characteristics of the Leaf Springs 33
2.2 Dynamic Analysis ofa Two-Axle Heavy Vehicle 37
2.2.1 Vehicle Model and Differential Equations ofMotion 37
2.2.2 Calculation ofthe Vehicle Response 41
2.2.3 Analysis ofVehicle-Vibration Response Under Random Excitation 44
2.2.4 Numerical Results and Discussions 46
2.3 Dynamic Analysis ofa Three-Axle Heavy Vehicle 51
2.3.1 Modeling for a Three-Axle Vehicle with a Balanced Suspension 51
2.3.2 Modeling for a Vehicle-Tire-Road Coupling System 55
2.3.3 Numerical Results and Discussions 61
3 Dynamic Analysis of a Heavy Vehicle Using Function Virtual Prototype 69
3.1 Modeling ofVehicle Suspension, Tire, and Road 69
3.2 0rthogonal Optimization ofa Heavy Vehicle77
3.3 Semiactive Control ofa Heavy Vehicle 89
4 Dynamic Analysis of a Pavement Structure Under a Vehicle's Moving Load 95
4.1 The Dynamic Response ofa Vehicle-Pavement System Based on a Finite Beam in a Nonlinear Foundation 95
Based on a Finite Beam on a Nonlinear Foundation 95
4.1.1 Equation ofMotion [16] 97
4.1.2 Galerkin's Discretization 98
4.1.3 Numerical Results 101
4.2 The Dynamic Response ofa Finite Timoshenko Beam on a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Foundation to a Moving Load [18] 105
4.2.3 Galerkin's Discretization 109
4.2.4 Numerical Results 111
4.3 Vibration ofa Vehicle-Pavement Coupled System Based on a Finite Timoshenko Beam on a Nonlinear Foundation [21] 118
4.3.1 The Mathematical Model 118
4.3.2 The Schemes ofSolution 121
4.3.3 Numerical Case Studies 123
4.4 The Dynamic Response ofan Infinite Timoshenko Beam on a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Foundation [19, 25] 133
4.4.1 The Mathematical Model 134
4.4.2 The Perturbation Method 135
4.4.4 The Moving Force 146
4.4.5 Parametric Studies 153
5 Road Dynamic Responses Under Moving Vehicle Loads Based on Double-Layer Plate Model 161
5.1 Description ofthe Moving Vehicle Loads 161
5.1.1 Mathematical Model ofthe Moving Vehicle Loads 161
5.1.2 Calculation ofthe Tire Contact Area 163
5.2 Dynamic Responses of an Infinite Double-Layer Plate on a Kelvin Foundation 164
5.2.1 Governing Equations ofthe Infinite Double-Layer Plate 164
5.2.2 The Displacement and the Stress of the Double-Layer Plate Under Moving Vehicle Loads Supported by a Kelvin Foundation 167
5.3 Numerical Simulations of an Infinite Double-Layer Plate on a Kelvin Foundation 172
5.3.1 Result Verification 172
5.3.2 The Dynamic Response ofthe Double-Layer Plate 173
5.4 Dynamic Responses of an Infinite Double-Layer Plate on an Elastic Half Space Foundation 176
5.4.1 Governing Equations ofthe Infinite Double-Layer Plate 176
5.4.2 Governing Equations ofthe Elastic Half-Space Foundation 179
5.4.3 The Solutions ofa Half-Space Foundation in a Number-Frequency Domain 180
5.4.4 Displacement Green's Functions ofthe Elastic Half-Space Foundation 183
5.4.5 The Displacement and Stress ofthe Double-Layer Plate Under Moving Vehicle Loads Supported by Elastic Half-Space 185
5.5 Numerical Simulations ofan Infinite Double-Layer Plate on an Elastic Half Space Foundation 188
5.5.1 Result Verification 189
5.5.2 The Dynamic Response ofthe Double-Layer Plate 190
6 Road Dynamic Responses Under Moving Vehicle Loads Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model 195
6.1 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Road System 195
6.1.1 Road Model ofa Layered Plate and Its Basic Assumptions 195
6.1.2 Three Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Road System 196
6.1.3 A Transient Dynamic Analysis ofRoad System Vibration 197
6.2 Dynamic Responses ofRoad System to the Moving Vehicle Loads 201
6.2.1 Vertical DisplacementAnalysis ofRoad System 201
6.2.2 StressAnalysis ofRoad System 202
6.2.3 StainAnalysis ofRoad System 206
6.3 Analysis ofAsphalt Pavement Fatigue Life Under Moving Vehicle Loads 208
6.3.1 Prediction Model ofAsphalt Pavement Fatigue Life 208
6.3.2 Parameterlnfluence Analysis ofAsphalt Pavement Fatigue Life 209
7 Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of Vehicle-Road 215
7.1 Modeling ofA Two-Dimensional Vehicle-Road Coupled System 215
7.1.1 Model ofTire-Road Contact 215
7.1.2 Equations ofa Two-DimensionalVehicle-Road Coupled System 217
7.1.3 Interaction ofTire and Road 219
7.1.4 Calculation Program and Model Verification 220
7.2 Effects of the Two Tire Models on the Responses of the Vehicle-Road Coupled System 223
7.3 Modeling ofa Three-DimensionalVehicle-Road Coupled System 232
7.3.1 Equations ofMotion for the Vehicle 232
7.3.2 Equations ofMotion for the Road 235
7.3.3 Interaction Between the Vehicle and the Road 236
7.4 Response Comparison ofthe Coupled System with the Tra-ditional Separated System 240
8 Parameter Design ofVehicle-Road System with Low Dynamic Interaction 251
8.1 Verification ofthe New Theory ofVehicle-Road Coupled System 251
8.2 Evaluation Criterions ofLow Dynamic Interaction 253
8.3 Effects ofVehicle System Parameters 254
8.3.2 The Effect ofVehicle Load 254
8.3.3 The Effect ofWheel Mass 256
8.3.4 The Effects ofTire Stiffness 257
8.3.5 The Effects ofSuspension Stiffness 258
8.3.6 The Effects ofTire Damping 259
8.3.7 The Effects ofSuspension Damping 260
8.3.8 The Effect ofWheelbase 261
8.3.9 The Effect ofWheel Tread 264
8.4 Effects ofRoad System Parameters 265
8.4.1 The Effects ofPavement Density 265
8.4.2 The Effects ofPavement Height 266
8.4.3 The Effects ofElastic Modulus 267
8.4.4 The Effects ofthe Pavement Poisson Ratio 270
8.4.5 The Effect ofthe Foundation Response Modulus 270
8.4.6 The Effect ofthe Foundation Damping coefficient 272
9 Modeling and Interaction of a Vehicle-Road System with Nonlinearity and Viscoelasticity 275
9.1 System Models and Equations ofMotion 275
9.1.1 Modeling Nonlinearity and Viscoelasticity 275
9.1.2 The Equations ofMotion for a Nonlinear Vehicle 278
9.1.3 The Equations ofMotion for the Nonlinear and Viscoelastic Pavement 279
9.1.4 The Interaction Between the Vehicle and the Pavement 285
9.2 Dynamic Responses ofthe Nonlinear Vehicle-Road Coupled System 287
9.3 The Effects ofNonlinearity and Viscoelasticity on Vehicle and Road Responses 293
10 The Construction of a Highway Fieldtest Section for Vehicle-Road Interaction 303
10.1 The Experiment Scheme ofthe Vehicle-Road System 303
10.2 The Highway Field Test System 304
10.2.1 Introduction ofthe Highway Road Structure 304
10.2.2 The Testing System ofthe Road 304
10.2.3 The Laying Process ofthe Sensor 306
10.3.1 Introduction ofthe Vehicle System 309
10.3.2 Introduction ofVehicle Test System 309
10.4 Analysis ofthe Road Test Results 311
10.4.1 Analysis ofRoad Dynamic Strain Response 311
10.4.2 Analysis ofRoad Vertical Dynamic Stress 315
10.5 Analysis ofthe Vehicle Test Results 318