Contents
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvi
List of Abbreviations xxvii
Chapter 1??The Background to Current Second Language Acquisition Research 1
1.1??The Goals of Second Language Research 1
1.2??The Scope of this Book 5
1.3??Early Second Language Acquisition Research 8
Chapter 2??Sequences in Second Language Acquisition 25
2.1??Grammatical Morphemes 25
2.2??Negation and the Learner’s Language System 36
2.3??Explanations for Stages of Second Language Acquisition 43
2.4??The Concept of Stage 45
2.5??Syntactic Aspects of Grammatical Morpheme and Negation Research 46
2.6??Observational Data in Second Language Acquisition Research 47

Chapter 3??The Input Hypothesis Model 51
3.1??The Five Hypotheses 51
3.2??Krashen’s Evidence for the Input Hypothesis 55
3.3??Evidence for the Other Hypotheses 63
3.4??Models in Second Language Acquisition Research 65
Chapter 4??Pidgins, Creoles, and Variation 69
4.1??Pidginisation and Acculturation 69
4.2??Creoles and Second Language Acquisition 78
4.3??Second Language Acquisition and Variation 82
4.4??L2 Use and L2 Learning 89
Chapter 5??The Multidimensional Model and the Teachability Hypothesis 93
5.1??Orders of Acquisition in German 93
5.2??Extensions to the Original Multidimensional Model Research 98
5.3??The Linguistic Basis for the Multidimensional Model 102
5.4??The Processing Rationale for the Multidimensional Model 106
5.5??Methodological Issues 107
5.6??General Implications of Psychological Processing Models 108

Chapter 6??Learning and Communication Strategies 113
6.1??Learning Strategies 113
6.2??Communication and Compensatory Strategies 119
6.3??Methodological Issues in Strategies Research 131
6.4??Linguistics and Strategies Research 134
Chapter 7??Relative Clauses: Beyond Phrase Structure Syntax 138
7.1??Relative Clauses and the Accessibility Hierarchy 140
7.2??Relative Clauses and Psychological Processing 147
7.3??The L2 Acquisition of Relative Clauses and Linguistics 150
7.4??Comprehension and Experiments in SLA Research 152
Chapter 8??Principles and Parameters Syntax 156
8.1??Some Concepts of Principles and Parameters Theory: X－bar Syntax 156
8.2??The Pro－drop Parameter and the Inflection Phrase 160
8.3??Binding Theory 172
8.4??The Head－direction Parameter (Principal Branching Direction) 187
8.5??Syntax and SLA Research 198
Chapter 9??The Universal Grammar Model and Second Language Acquisition 200
9.1??The Universal Grammar Model of Language Acquisition 200
9.2??Access to UG and Subjacency in L2 Learners 212
9.3??Access to UG and German Word Order 227
9.4??Evidence in UG－related Research and Grammaticality Judgements 237
9.5??UG and Multi－competence 242
Chapter 10??Cognitive Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Research 246
10.1??Anderson’s ACT* Model 246
10.2??Temporal Variables 250
10.3??Information Processing 253
10.4??MacWhinney’s Competition Model 256
10.5??Plans and Goals 262
10.6??Other Features of Cognitive Theories 264
10.7??Methodology 266
10.8??The Linguistic Background 267
10.9??Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition 269
Activities 271
References 283
Index 309